The Khesmedu-ankh—often translated as "rectal attendant" or "buttocks physician"—was a specialized role in ancient Egyptian society. The exact scope of their duties is still a subject of debate, but it is believed that these practitioners treated ailments related to t

Ancient Egyptian medicine is renowned for its advanced understanding of various medical practices, many of which were far ahead of their time. From surgical procedures to dental care, the Egyptians displayed remarkable skills in healthcare, offering insight into how health was managed in a civilizat

Remarkably, many of the individuals who underwent trepanation survived the procedure. Archaeological evidence has shown that some of these individuals lived for several years after the surgery, as indicated by the healing process around the trepanation site. In cases where the hole was small and pro

The evidence of trepanation comes primarily from archaeological sites, where skulls with clear signs of trepanation have been uncovered. Some of the most famous sites include: The Pre-Columbian Americas: In regions such as South America, evidence of trepanation has been found among ancient